Galen’s Philosophical Insights
Pneuma: The Universal Spirit
Drawing from his philosophical studies, Galen concluded that various bodily functions were influenced by the Pneuma, or universal spirit. He envisioned...
Understanding Human Temperaments
Galen’s Insights
Four Basic Human Temperaments
Building upon Hippocrates’ theory of the four humours, Galen proposed the concept of four basic human temperaments, each linked to...
Doctor of Gladiators
Galen’s Medical Journey
Early Medical Journey
After initially studying philosophy, especially Aristotle, Galen shifted his focus to medicine at the age of seventeen. Traveling through Greece,...
Rise and Decline of Caria through History
Extent of Carian Territory
At its zenith, Caria’s territory stretched from present-day Lake Bafa in the north to Lake Köycegiz east of Marmaris in the...
Mystery of Ancient Caria
Origins of Caria
In ancient times, the coastal and inland regions of Asia Minor were organized into provinces with uncertain origins, shaped by indigenous populations...
Struggles in the Maccabean Kingdom
Salome Alexandra’s Rule (76-67 B.C.
After the death of Alexander Jannaeus, his wife Salome Alexandra took charge of the Maccabean kingdom. Their son, John Hyrcanus...
The Rise of the Parthians
Revolt and Formation of the Parthian State
In 255 B.C., Diodotus, the satrap of Bactria, rebelled against Seleucid rule, establishing an Indo-Greek kingdom in Afghanistan....
Jewish Sects and Antiochus’s Oppression
Emergence of Jewish Sects
At this juncture, the Jewish community divides into two major sects of the New Testament era: the Pharisees, representing the fundamentalist...
Roman Intervention and Antiochus IV’s Reign
Antiochus’s Ambitions Unravel
Antiochus, having aligned with Philip solely for Egypt, sought to revive old Seleucid claims in Ionia and Thrace. To appease Rhodes, he...
Embracing Nature’s Challenges
The GOLDOSK Adventure
Crocuses Smiling Under the Rain!
Would you continue walking on muddy mountain paths even if dark rain-loaded clouds covered the sky, and a...
